Bologna Process
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A European higher education reform creating a unified degree structure (3-year bachelor's + 2-year master's + 3-year doctorate) across 49 countries.
The Bologna Process, launched in 1999 with 29 signatory countries (now 49), created the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) by harmonizing degree structures across participating nations. The three-cycle system (bachelor's/master's/doctorate), ECTS credit framework, and quality assurance standards enable student and academic mobility across borders. Before Bologna, European degree systems varied dramatically — some countries had no bachelor's equivalent, while others used 5-year undivided master's programs. The process has been praised for improving mobility and transparency but criticized for reducing program diversity and imposing a one-size-fits-all Anglo-American model.
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