عملية بولونيا (Bologna Process)
إصلاح أوروبي للتعليم العالي أنشأ هيكلًا موحدًا للدرجات (بكالوريوس 3 سنوات + ماجستير سنتان + دكتوراه 3 سنوات) عبر 49 دولة.
أُطلقت عملية بولونيا عام 1999 بـ29 دولة موقّعة (أصبحت اليوم 49)، وأنشأت منطقة التعليم العالي الأوروبية (EHEA) بمواءمة هياكل الدرجات بين الدول المشاركة. ويتيح نظام الدورات الثلاث (البكالوريوس/الماجستير/الدكتوراه)، وإطار الساعات المعتمدة ECTS، ومعايير ضمان الجودة تنقل الطلاب والأكاديميين عبر الحدود. وقبل بولونيا، تفاوتت أنظمة الدرجات الأوروبية بشدة — إذ لم يكن لدى بعض الدول ما يعادل البكالوريوس، بينما استخدمت أخرى برامج ماجستير غير مقسَّمة مدتها 5 سنوات. وقد أُشيد بالعملية لتحسينها التنقل والشفافية، لكنها انتُقدت لتقليصها تنوع البرامج وفرضها نموذجًا أنغلو-أمريكيًا موحدًا.
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